CBC Diversity 101: Inserting Spanish language into the English text to create an atmosphere
Contributed to CBC Diversity by Alma Flor Ada
My Personal Connection
A few years ago I was asked to contribute a story to an anthology. The story, which contained some words in Spanish, had been edited and proofread. And then, the editor told me, very enthusiastically, that her son, who was taking Spanish in High School had caught a mistake in my Spanish.
She then went on to explain to me that, in Spanish, words that refer to feminine beings end with an –a not an –o, and thus, the mother in the story calling her daughter “cariño” and not “cariña” was a mistake detected by her son that she had hastened to correct.
The word “cariño” is used in Spanish as an endearment, similar to “darling, love, sweetheart.” It has only one form. The word “cariña” does not exist, that is, it has never been used by any group of speakers, anywhere.
We all can make mistakes and I will always be thankful to anyone who discovers a typo or that queries a statement. But to believe that an English speaking High School student by having taken some Spanish courses is qualified to correct, without consulting, a native speaker with a PhD in Spanish literature shows the kind of presumption that generates prejudice, racism, and the stereotypes we want to eliminate.
There are two morals to this story.
- Knowing a little bit of a language can get one into trouble.
- Respect is deserved by all language and all speakers.
Stereotypes/Cliches/Tropes/Errors
There are widespread misconceptions about the diverse forms of the Spanish-language and what they represent, including the ridiculous idea that differences in pronunciation were caused by the lisp of a king!
Because Spanish is the fourth most spoken language in the world, spoken in 20 countries and a vast geographical extension, and because it has been in contact with the language of the diverse indigenous populations of those countries, it is a very rich language with numerous regional expressions.
Yet, if we compare it with English we could say that the difference between the Spanish spoken in Spain and that spoken in Latin America is similar to that between British and American English, and the differences between the various Latin American countries similar to those between New Zealand, Australia, Canada, the United States, England and Ireland.
The major grammatical difference is that Spain uses six persons in the verbal conjugation and in Latin American in general only five are used:
Singular Plural
yo = I nosotros/nosotras =we
tú = you [informal] vosotros / vosotras = you plural informal
él/ella/usted he/she/you [formal] ellos/ellas/ustedes = they/ you plural formal
* vosotros / vosotras = you plural informal is not used in Latin America
Basically the variations do not make communication difficult even if, at some times, certain items may have different names, and certain popular expressions are more common in some areas than others.
Like in English there are differences in the way people speak based on their place of origin, their age, their level of education, and the particular circumstance, since most speakers can make use of various registries depending on the place and purpose of the communication.
Good writers and editors would know when a particular form of speech is appropriate to a character at a given moment and when it is not. The kid that calls his friends “dude” will probably not use that term to refer to the principal when called to explain his conduct. Similar distinction needs to be made in Spanish, not because a form is “correct” or not, but because it is appropriate to the circumstances or not.
Should insertions in Spanish be included to create an atmosphere? Only if editors can ascertain that they have someone with true knowledge of the language to correct them. That doesn’t mean someone who studied Spanish in college, who did one year abroad, who was born in a Spanish-speaking country or to Spanish-speaking parents but never had the opportunity to study the language formally.
Does this mean there are too few people able to do adequate corrections? Of course, not. It’s only a matter of identifying them. And, as some text book publishers have discovered, there are correctors in Latin American countries that can do excellent work over the Internet.
Should one bother to search for a corrector just for a few words? The choice is either to do so or to refrain for the Spanish inclusions. Responsible editors would never allow English to go uncorrected. To treat Spanish differently is clearly a form of disrespect and discrimination.
Things I’d Like to See
1. Accents not sprinkled at will
The rules for the written accent in Spanish do not have any exceptions. There are general basic rules, and special particular ones, but the use of the written accent is never arbitrary.
Accents are needed not only to know how to pronounce a word, but because they distinguish between homonyms. Many verbal tenses in Spanish are distinguished only by the accent, so they are essential.
In Spanish only one accent can be written in a word. Never two:
- Ápá should be Apá [ contraction of the word Papá=Dad]
Monosyllables only take accents in a few cases to distinguish between homonyms:
- “¿Quién vá?” should be “¿Quién va?”
- “¿Dónde vás?” should be “¿Dónde vas?”
- “Él que mucho abarca, poco aprieta.”
- “Él” should be “El”
The monosyllable “el” can be an article or a personal pronoun.
It carries an accent when it is a personal pronoun, not when it is an article. The grammatical function must be determined in Spanish not through the translation. If the sentence is translated: “He who tries to grab much…” it may seem that “el” equals “he” therefore it is a personal pronoun, but that is not the case in Spanish where “el” is part of the phrase “el que mucho” and thus not a personal pronoun.
2. Proper punctuation marks
If the whole sentence is in Spanish then the Spanish punctuation marks should be respected:
- “Carmen, comamos!” should be “¡Carmen, comamos!” or “Carmen, ¡comamos!”
- “Qué pasó?” should be: “¿Qué pasó?”
- “Qué coraje!” should be: ¡Qué coraje!
- “Ay! Qué hermoso! Bien hecho, mujer! should be: “¡Ay! ¡Qué hermoso! ¡Bien hecho, mujer!”
3. Correct use of capital letters
The use of capital letters is far more austere in Spanish.
- Days of the week and months of the year are not capitalized.
- In titles, only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized (although in this last case the influence of English is beginning to have an impact).
- Only the abbreviation of titles [Sr., Sra.] are capitalized, not when the tiles is written in its entirety: “Muy buenos días, Señora Márquez,” should be: “Muy buenos días, señora Márquez”
4. Correct grammar respecting exceptions to rules
Most nouns ending in –a in Spanish are feminine. Not so a group of nouns derived from Greek
el problema, el morfema, el sintagma, el paradigma.
Feminine nouns take the feminine article [la, una] except when the feminine noun begins with a stressed –a (whether with an accent mark or not). Thus: el arma afilada, el águila blanca, el alma generosa.
5. A language usage appropriate to the character, setting, and circumstances
Alma Flor Ada, Professor Emerita at the University of San Francisco, has devoted her life to advocacy for peace by promoting a pedagogy oriented to personal realization and social justice. A former Radcliffe Scholar at Harvard University and Fulbright Research Scholar she is an internationally re-known speaker and the author of numerous children’s books of poetry, narrative, folklore and non fiction. Her books have received prestigious awards; among many: Christopher Medal (The Gold Coin), Pura Belpré Medal (Under the Royal Palms), Once Upon a World (Gathering the Sun), Parents’ Choice Honor (Dear Peter Rabbit), NCSS and CBC Notable Book (My Name is María Isabel). Her most recent books include Ten Little Puppies/Diez perritos and Yes! We Are Latinos co-authored with Isabel Campoy and two novels for middle grades, Dancing Home and Love, Amalia, co-authored with her son Gabriel Zubizarreta, all four of them Junior Library Guild Selections.
